B. THE BINDING FORCES

A man is a social being. He is naturalized to live in groups and society. The imprisonment is used as a punishment because it keeps him away from society thus depriving him one of his basic needs. This denies him the basic need of belonging to a society. All the same time it lowers his relative status. Thus, it adds to punishment. There are various needs of an individual to be satisfied in a society. These are biological, social, economical and psychological needs. The economic needs have been added after the technological development in the society. To fulfill all these needs he needs others.  These needs are interwoven and everybody needs somebody else to fulfill them. In the exchange of goods one may depend on the unknown people; but to fulfill the needs of love and company, one needs the familiar people like spouses, children, the kith and kin and the neighbors etc. It is a complex world where the needs of a man are more than he can satisfy himself. Some needs are complementary in nature which he cannot satisfy himself for example the need to procreate. Then there is also a question of respect which can only be provided by others. The need for love is also mutual. These are the needs which cannot be satisfied in isolation. The diverse economic needs of people also create the mutual needs. The need for safety or security also links people together. The same attracts like in brotherhood and sisterhood and the opposite also attracts. The attraction forces between the similar are weaker than the attraction forces between the opposites – in our biological world. If that were not the case, the world might as well stop moving.  
We can define the fraternity as a feeling of brotherhood which bonds two individuals. The fraternity is developed among people who have common interests. These feelings may be permanent or temporary.  The societal fraternity may also bond the society and work as uniting force.
Each stratum of the society develops some kind of internal fraternity but rarely toward others because the interests coincide within the stratum but not outside. However, the powerful fraternity (within the stratum) prevailed even though it usually had few members as compared to the lower strata. 
The ideological identification also links people with each other. These needs link the people to each other and thus can be called linking forces. The common ancestry also produces a bonding force which is extreme in the form of caste and ethnicity. Any process providing benefits for linking the people can be called the motivation to create the linking forces. These linking forces keep the society together.  Everybody needs somebody to complete the process he or she cannot do alone. These are complementary needs.  The institution of marriage is an example of this.  And there is a need to share joys and sorrows. This sharing links the people together. The celebration of birth of a child and distress at the time of death needs the people who are linked to you to share them.  Even one needs people at the time when they are helpless like in cases of babies and sick people. They need people to tend to them. This creates linkages since everybody was a child once and can fall sick anytime. These linkages may cut across the time. You may owe one to someone which you may like to pay back sometime in future. Since falling sick is uncertain and nobody is immune to it so they need people when they fall sick. This possibility of falling sick also links people together.  This means that if AB is certainty of nursing from A to B and BA is certainty nursing from B to A then AB + BA = 0.  The possibility of bad times is also a motivational factor in providing linkages because everybody needs others in bad times. Nobody is immune to bad times. If a dominating group does not have strong internal linkages then it can easily fall prey to bad times.
Now we have so many commercial forms of these linkages but these indicate only the underlying linkages based on mutual needs. Even the existence of the army implies an underlying linkage meant for safety.
There is a need to develop the suitable skills which cannot be developed without help from others, the teachers, the parents and the guidance of wise people. This also develops linkages. In fact, everybody has more needs then he can satisfy himself and so he needs others which results in the development of linkages. One needs linkages whether one is living in an individualized society or group-based society.
One kind of linkage is provided by agreement. This need not necessarily be a legal agreement.  Two persons agreeing on any issue find a common thing which links them. The similarities produce a common factor which binds people together. One such linkage form is empathy. Another such form of linkage is sympathy.  Any common thing tends to produce the linkages.  Of these common things, the most prominent are the religion, the ideologies, the common habitats and the blood relations.   The common groups also develop linkages.  The caste also develops internal linkage because they satisfy important needs and they provide common factors for identifying with each other. 
 The common factors and complementary factors provide linkages which are binding factors and provide stability to society. One of the most common factors is the need for safety. All the people with common habits develop automatic linkages with each other.  The empathy and sympathy also contribute to enhance the linkages in the society.
On a larger scale, the common factors are ideologies, religion, culture, sympathy, empathy, habitat and biological needs. These provide commonality which cuts across time and space.